Criminology is a fascinating field that seeks to understand the causes, consequences, and prevention of crime. To help you gain a deeper understanding of this complex subject, we've curated a comprehensive book list on criminology.
Explore the theories, research, and real-life cases that shed light on the world of crime and justice. Whether you're a student, a professional in the field, or simply curious about the workings of the criminal mind, this collection offers valuable insights.
A Clockwork Orange by Anthony Burgess is a dystopian novel that delves into themes of free will, morality, and the effects of psychological conditioning. Set in a future society, the story follows Alex, a delinquent who undergoes a controversial treatment aimed at suppressing his violent tendencies. This thought-provoking book challenges the reader to question the nature of good and evil.
All That Remains by Sue Black is a gripping memoir that takes you into the world of forensic anthropology. Through her personal experiences and fascinating case studies, Black explores the power of science in uncovering the truth behind human remains. It's a thought-provoking and insightful book that sheds light on the importance of understanding death and its impact on the living.
On Killing by Lt. Col. Dave Grossman explores the psychological and physiological effects of killing in combat. Through extensive research and real-life accounts, Grossman examines the history and methods of training soldiers to overcome their natural resistance to taking another human's life. He also delves into the societal and ethical implications of warfare and the long-term impact on those who have participated in it.
The Killer Across the Table (2019) by John E. Douglas and Mark Olshaker is a chilling exploration of the minds of some of the world's most notorious criminals. Drawing on his extensive experience as an FBI criminal profiler, Douglas delves into the psychology of these individuals, offering valuable insights into their motives and methods. Through in-depth interviews and analysis, this book provides a fascinating and unsettling look at the dark side of humanity.
Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil (1994) by John Berendt is a non-fiction book that delves into the eccentricities and mysteries of Savannah, Georgia. The book follows the real-life events surrounding a murder trial in the city, while also exploring its unique characters and the dark secrets hidden within its beautiful facade. Berendt's storytelling makes for a captivating read that blurs the lines between true crime and Southern Gothic fiction.
Public Enemies by Bryan Burrough delves into the thrilling world of 1930s crime and law enforcement. Through meticulous research and captivating storytelling, Burrough uncovers the lives of infamous outlaws such as John Dillinger, Bonnie and Clyde, and Pretty Boy Floyd, while also revealing the inner workings of the newly formed FBI. This gripping tale offers a fresh perspective on a defining era in American history.
Code of the Street by Elijah Anderson delves into the social dynamics and unwritten rules that govern inner-city neighborhoods in the United States. Through in-depth interviews and observations, Anderson explores the cultural code that shapes how residents behave and interact with each other. This thought-provoking book sheds light on the challenges faced by individuals living in impoverished communities and offers valuable insights into urban sociology.
I'll Be Gone in the Dark is a gripping true crime book by Michelle McNamara. It delves into the case of the Golden State Killer, a notorious serial rapist and murderer who terrorized California in the 1970s and 80s. Through meticulous research and haunting prose, McNamara chronicles her own investigation and sheds light on the relentless pursuit of justice.
Criminology For Dummies by Steven Briggs provides an accessible introduction to the complex field of criminology. Through easy-to-understand language and real-world examples, the book explores various aspects of crime, including its causes, theories, and impact on society. Whether you're a student or simply curious about the subject, this book offers valuable insights into the study of crime and criminal behavior.
The Complete History of Jack the Ripper by Philip Sugden delves into the infamous unsolved case of the 19th-century serial killer. Through meticulous research and analysis, the book explores the theories, suspects, and social context surrounding the Whitechapel murders, offering a comprehensive account of one of history's most enduring mysteries.
Practical Homicide Investigation by Vernon J. Geberth is a comprehensive guide for law enforcement professionals and forensic experts. It provides detailed insights into the techniques and procedures used in homicide investigations, covering everything from crime scene analysis to evidence collection and case preparation. With real-life case studies and practical advice, this book is an invaluable resource for anyone involved in solving violent crimes.
American Tabloid by James Ellroy is a gripping historical novel that delves into the underbelly of American politics and organized crime in the 1960s. Set against the backdrop of the Kennedy presidency, the book weaves together the stories of three men who become entangled in a web of conspiracy, power, and betrayal. With its fast-paced narrative and complex characters, it offers a unique perspective on a pivotal period in American history.
Orange Is the New Black by Piper Kerman is a memoir that takes you inside the walls of a women's prison. With honesty and humor, Kerman shares her experiences and the stories of the women she meets during her time behind bars. It offers a thought-provoking look at the flaws in the criminal justice system and the resilience of those who navigate it.
Columbine by Dave Cullen is a powerful and meticulously researched account of the 1999 school shooting in Columbine, Colorado. Through interviews, police records, and personal journals, Cullen delves into the lives of the perpetrators, the events leading up to the tragedy, and its lasting impact on society. It challenges the misconceptions surrounding the incident and offers a thought-provoking exploration of the complexities of school violence.
Wiseguy (1985) is a gripping true crime book by Nicholas Pileggi that tells the story of Henry Hill, a former mobster turned informant. Through Hill's firsthand account, the book delves into the inner workings of the Italian-American mafia, providing an intimate and detailed portrayal of organized crime. Packed with suspense and raw honesty, Wiseguy offers a unique glimpse into a secretive and dangerous world.
American Prison by Shane Bauer is a gripping exposé that takes readers inside a private prison in Louisiana. Through his own experiences working as a guard and extensive investigative reporting, Bauer reveals the shocking realities of the for-profit prison system in the United States. It is a thought-provoking and eye-opening book that challenges our understanding of incarceration and raises important questions about justice and reform.
Journey Into Darkness explores the twisted minds of some of the most notorious serial killers. Written by legendary FBI profiler John E. Douglas, this chilling book delves into real-life cases and provides fascinating insights into criminal psychology. It's an eye-opening and gripping read that takes you on a journey through the darkest corners of the human psyche.
Newjack by Ted Conover is a gripping firsthand account of the author's experience as a prison guard at Sing Sing Correctional Facility. Through vivid storytelling and in-depth analysis, Conover sheds light on the harsh realities of the American prison system and the challenges faced by both inmates and guards.
The Ice Man by Philip Carlo is a chilling true crime book that delves into the life of Richard Kuklinski, a notorious contract killer. Through extensive interviews with Kuklinski himself, Carlo uncovers the shocking details of his criminal career and the cold-blooded murders he committed. This gripping and disturbing account offers a glimpse into the mind of a ruthless killer.
Dopesick by Beth Macy is an eye-opening account of America's opioid epidemic. Through in-depth research and compelling storytelling, Macy exposes the devastating impact of opioid addiction on individuals, families, and communities. She also uncovers the role of pharmaceutical companies and healthcare professionals in fueling this crisis. A must-read for anyone seeking to understand the depth of this public health issue.
Killer Triggers delves into the psychological and emotional factors that lead individuals to commit murder. Written by renowned criminal profiler Joe Kenda, this gripping book explores real-life cases and uncovers the hidden triggers that drive people to take another's life. From jealousy and revenge to greed and obsession, Kenda offers fascinating insights into the dark and complex world of homicide.
No Stone Unturned is a gripping true crime book by Steve Jackson that delves into the world of forensic science and criminal investigation. It follows the remarkable journey of NecroSearch International, a group of volunteers who use cutting-edge technology and unconventional methods to solve cold cases and find hidden bodies. With meticulous research and compelling storytelling, Jackson uncovers the untold stories behind some of the most challenging criminal investigations.
I Heard You Paint Houses by Charles Brandt is a gripping true crime book that tells the story of Frank Sheeran, a mob hitman who claims to have been involved in the disappearance of Jimmy Hoffa. Through extensive interviews with Sheeran, the author uncovers shocking details about organized crime and its ties to powerful political figures. This compelling and chilling account will leave you questioning everything you thought you knew about the underworld.
Killers of the Flower Moon by David Grann is a gripping non-fiction book that delves into the shocking true story of a series of murders of wealthy Osage Native Americans in the 1920s. It uncovers a sinister conspiracy and the birth of the FBI as it investigates the killings. A compelling blend of history, true crime, and investigative journalism.
Whoever Fights Monsters by Robert K. Ressler is a chilling exploration of the minds of serial killers. Drawing on his experience as an FBI agent and criminal profiler, Ressler delves into the psychology and motives of these individuals, offering insights that are as fascinating as they are disturbing.
I Know This Much Is True by Wally Lamb is a gripping novel that delves into the complex relationship between identical twin brothers, Dominick and Thomas Birdsey. Set against the backdrop of family secrets, mental illness, and the search for identity, the book explores themes of love, sacrifice, and the enduring bond between siblings. With its rich character development and emotional depth, this novel is a compelling exploration of the human experience.
El Narco (2011) by Ioan Grillo delves into the brutal world of Mexican drug cartels, tracing their origins and rise to power. Through extensive research and firsthand accounts, Grillo exposes the deep-rooted corruption and violence that have plagued Mexico, and explores the complex interplay between the cartels, law enforcement, and the political system. It offers a chilling and eye-opening look at the devastating impact of the drug trade.
The Psychopath Test by Jon Ronson explores the concept of psychopathy and the industry that surrounds it. Through interviews and research, Ronson delves into the world of mental health professionals, criminal justice systems, and the media, uncovering the controversial and complex nature of diagnosing and understanding psychopathic behavior. With wit and empathy, he challenges our assumptions and raises thought-provoking questions about what it means to be “normal”.
The Stranger Beside Me is a gripping true crime book written by Ann Rule. It tells the shocking story of the author's friendship with the notorious serial killer, Ted Bundy. With chilling detail and intimate insights, Rule delves into Bundy's crimes and the unsettling realization that evil can lurk right beside us.
Devil's Knot by Mara Leveritt is a gripping true crime book that delves into the case of the West Memphis Three. It explores the wrongful conviction of three teenagers for the murder of three young boys in Arkansas, shedding light on the flawed justice system and the power of public opinion. Leveritt meticulously examines the evidence and raises important questions about the guilt or innocence of the accused.
American Kingpin by Nick Bilton is a gripping non-fiction book that tells the astonishing true story of Ross Ulbricht, the mastermind behind the dark web marketplace known as the Silk Road. From its humble beginnings to its rapid rise and eventual downfall, this book delves into the world of online drug trafficking and the relentless pursuit of justice by law enforcement.
Are Prisons Obsolete? by Angela Y. Davis challenges the notion that imprisonment is the most effective solution to crime. Davis discusses the history and purpose of prisons, their impact on society, and offers alternatives to the current system. This thought-provoking book encourages readers to rethink the way we approach justice and punishment.
Bind, Torture, Kill by Roy Wenzl is a chilling true crime book that delves into the twisted mind of the notorious serial killer Dennis Rader, also known as the BTK Killer. Through extensive research and interviews, Wenzl provides a detailed account of Rader's heinous crimes and the relentless pursuit to bring him to justice. This gripping and unsettling book offers a glimpse into the darkest corners of the human psyche.
The Anatomy of Evil by Michael H. Stone delves into the complex and chilling world of psychopathy and violent behavior. Through case studies and analysis, the book explores the psychological and biological factors that contribute to the development of evil traits in individuals. It offers a thought-provoking examination of what drives people to commit heinous acts and challenges our understanding of morality and human nature.
Helter Skelter is a chilling true crime book written by Vincent Bugliosi and Curt Gentry. It delves into the infamous Tate-LaBianca murders orchestrated by Charles Manson and his followers. Through meticulous research and firsthand accounts, the book provides a gripping and detailed insight into the motives and actions of the Manson Family, as well as the ensuing investigation and trial.
Without Conscience by Robert D. Hare delves into the world of psychopaths and their lack of empathy or guilt. Through real-life case studies and psychological analysis, the book provides a chilling examination of individuals who operate without a moral compass. It also explores the implications of this condition on society and offers insights into recognizing and protecting oneself from such individuals.
For Laci is a memoir by Sharon Rocha, the mother of Laci Peterson who was tragically murdered in 2002. The book provides a heart-wrenching account of Laci's life, the events leading up to her disappearance, and the subsequent trial of her husband, Scott Peterson. Rocha shares her personal journey of grief and loss, while also celebrating the life of her beloved daughter.
Readers who are interested in true crime stories
Those who want to understand the impact of a high-profile murder case on the victim's family
People who are looking for insights into the experience of loss and grief
Krav Maga Tactical Survival by Gershon Ben Keren provides practical self-defense techniques and strategies for real-life situations. From hand-to-hand combat to defending against weapons, this book equips you with the skills and mindset to protect yourself and others in dangerous encounters. With clear instructions and illustrations, it is a valuable resource for anyone looking to enhance their personal safety.
Individuals who want to learn practical self-defense techniques
People who are interested in Krav Maga and its principles
Those who want to feel more confident and prepared in dangerous situations
The Year They Tried to Kill Me by Salvatore Iaquinta is a gripping memoir that takes you inside the world of a first-year medical resident. With raw honesty and dark humor, Iaquinta shares the challenges, triumphs, and near-death experiences he faced during his residency. From life-saving procedures to absurd hospital politics, this book offers a unique glimpse into the intense and often surreal reality of modern healthcare.
Medical students or residents looking for a humorous and relatable account of the challenges of training
Readers interested in behind-the-scenes stories of the medical profession
Those who enjoy memoirs with a blend of humor and candid observations
Alice & Gerald by Ron Franscell is a gripping true crime book that delves into the dark and twisted story of Alice and Gerald Uden. Set against the backdrop of the American West, the book unravels the shocking secrets of a seemingly ordinary couple who harbored deadly secrets. Franscell skillfully uncovers the truth behind their heinous crimes and explores the complexities of love, betrayal, and the human psyche.
True crime enthusiasts who enjoy delving into the psychology of criminals
Readers who are fascinated by complex and twisted love stories
Those interested in the intersection of small-town life and shocking crimes
American Tabloid by James Ellroy is a gripping historical fiction that delves into the underbelly of American politics in the 1960s. Through a web of interconnected characters, it uncovers the dark secrets and conspiracies surrounding the Kennedy assassination. With its fast-paced narrative and intricate plot, this book offers a unique perspective on a pivotal moment in history.
Readers who enjoy historical fiction with a focus on crime and politics
Those interested in a gritty and realistic portrayal of the dark side of American history
People who appreciate complex and morally ambiguous characters
Between Good and Evil delves into the mind of a criminal profiler and offers a unique perspective on the battle between good and evil. Roger L. Depue, a former FBI profiler, shares his experiences and insights into the world of criminal behavior, shedding light on the factors that drive individuals to commit heinous acts. Through real-life cases and psychological analysis, this book challenges our understanding of morality and the complexities of human nature.
Individuals interested in criminal psychology and profiling
True crime enthusiasts seeking insights into the minds of serial killers
Law enforcement professionals looking to understand the complexities of criminal behavior
Bind, Torture, Kill by Roy Wenzl delves into the chilling true story of the BTK (Bind, Torture, Kill) serial killer who terrorized Wichita, Kansas for over thirty years. Through extensive research and interviews, Wenzl provides a detailed account of the investigation and the eventual capture of Dennis Rader, shedding light on the mind of a psychopath and the devastating impact on the victims and their families.
True crime enthusiasts who enjoy delving into the minds of serial killers
Readers interested in the psychology and motivations behind heinous crimes
Those looking to gain a deeper understanding of the investigation and capture of a notorious criminal
Code of the Street by Elijah Anderson explores the social dynamics and unwritten rules that govern life in inner-city neighborhoods. Drawing on extensive fieldwork, Anderson sheds light on the code of the street, a set of informal rules and behaviors that shape interactions and relationships in these communities. Through compelling narratives and insightful analysis, the book offers a nuanced understanding of the challenges faced by residents and the impact of societal factors on their lives.
Individuals seeking to understand the dynamics of urban street culture
Professionals working in social services, criminal justice, or community development
Students and academics studying sociology, criminology, or urban studies
Criminal Minds by Jeff Mariotte is a thrilling novel that delves into the minds of serial killers. When a series of gruesome murders shake the small town of Porterville, California, FBI agent Ethan Thomas is called in to investigate. As he uncovers the twisted motives behind the killings, he must confront his own dark past. With intense psychological insights and heart-pounding suspense, this book will keep you on the edge of your seat.
True crime enthusiasts who are fascinated by the psychology of criminal behavior
Fans of the TV show "Criminal Minds" who want to delve deeper into the cases and profiling techniques
Psychology students or professionals looking to understand the minds of serial killers and sociopaths
El Narco by Ioan Grillo is a chilling exploration of the Mexican drug trade and its impact on society. Through interviews with drug traffickers, law enforcement officials, and victims, Grillo delves into the history, culture, and economics of the drug cartels. This eye-opening book reveals the brutal reality of the war on drugs and the challenges faced in combating this global problem.
Readers who are interested in understanding the complex dynamics of the drug trade in Mexico
Individuals who want to gain insights into the impact of narco culture on society and politics
Those who are curious about the challenges and complexities of the war on drugs
I Heard You Paint Houses is a gripping account of the life of Frank Sheeran, a mob hitman who claimed to be involved in the disappearance of Jimmy Hoffa. Written by Charles Brandt, this book delves into the world of organized crime and offers a firsthand perspective on some of the most notorious events in American history.
True crime enthusiasts who are fascinated by the inner workings of organized crime
Readers interested in the life and confessions of a former mob hitman
Those curious about the mysterious disappearance of Jimmy Hoffa and the potential role of the mafia in his demise
I Know This Much Is True is a gripping novel by Wally Lamb that delves into the complex relationship between identical twin brothers, Dominick and Thomas. Set against the backdrop of family secrets and mental illness, the book explores themes of identity, sacrifice, and the enduring bond between siblings. With its raw emotion and powerful storytelling, this book is a must-read for anyone seeking a profound exploration of the human experience.
Readers who enjoy emotionally intense and thought-provoking novels
Those interested in exploring the complexities of family relationships and mental illness
Individuals who appreciate multi-layered narratives with richly developed characters
Journey Into Darkness is a chilling non-fiction book by John E. Douglas and Mark Olshaker that delves into the minds of violent criminals. As a former FBI profiler, Douglas shares his experiences and insights into some of the most notorious cases in criminal history. Through detailed analysis and real-life examples, the book offers a fascinating glimpse into the world of criminal psychology and the pursuit of justice.
True crime enthusiasts who are fascinated by the minds of serial killers
Psychology students or professionals seeking insights into criminal behavior
Law enforcement officers looking to understand the investigative techniques used to catch dangerous criminals
Killer Triggers by Joe Kenda delves into the psychological and emotional factors that drive people to commit murder. Drawing on his experience as a detective, Kenda explores real-life cases and uncovers the hidden triggers that set off deadly actions. With gripping storytelling and insightful analysis, this book offers a fascinating glimpse into the minds of killers.
True crime enthusiasts who enjoy delving into the psychology of killers
Readers who are fascinated by the motives behind violent crimes
Those looking to understand the warning signs and triggers that can lead to murder
Newjack by Ted Conover is a gripping firsthand account of the author's experience as a corrections officer at New York's notorious Sing Sing prison. Through vivid storytelling and in-depth analysis, Conover takes readers inside the walls of the prison, shedding light on the challenges faced by both inmates and guards, and raising important questions about the state of the American criminal justice system.
Individuals interested in gaining an insider's perspective on the American prison system
Those who want to understand the challenges and complexities faced by correctional officers
Readers who appreciate immersive, non-fiction narratives that explore social issues
No Stone Unturned by Steve Jackson delves into the fascinating world of forensic science and criminal investigation. Through a series of gripping real-life cases, the book explores the tireless efforts of dedicated professionals who leave no stone unturned in their quest for justice. It offers a unique insight into the meticulous techniques and cutting-edge technology used to solve some of the most challenging crimes.
True crime enthusiasts looking for a gripping and detailed account of forensic investigations
Those interested in the intersection of science and criminal justice
Readers who enjoy stories of dedicated individuals working to bring closure to victims and their families
Practical Homicide Investigation by Vernon J. Geberth is a comprehensive guide for law enforcement professionals and forensic experts. It provides detailed insights into the investigation of homicide cases, covering topics such as crime scene analysis, evidence collection, autopsy procedures, and suspect interrogation. With real-life case studies and practical tips, this book serves as an invaluable resource for those involved in solving violent crimes.
Law enforcement professionals seeking comprehensive guidance on homicide investigations
Forensic experts and crime scene investigators looking to enhance their knowledge and skills
Students and academics studying criminology, criminal justice, or forensic science
Public Enemies by Bryan Burrough delves into the thrilling world of 1930s crime and the birth of the FBI. Through meticulous research and captivating storytelling, Burrough brings to life the larger-than-life characters such as John Dillinger, Bonnie and Clyde, and Baby Face Nelson, while also shedding light on the challenges faced by law enforcement in their pursuit of these notorious outlaws.
True crime enthusiasts who are fascinated by the stories of notorious criminals
History buffs who want to learn about the crime wave of the 1930s and the birth of the FBI
Readers who enjoy fast-paced, non-fiction narratives that bring the past to life
Right Behind You by Lisa Gardner is a gripping thriller that delves into the complexities of family and the dark secrets that can tear them apart. When a series of murders occur, all evidence points to a troubled teenage boy who may be connected to the past of two FBI agents. As they race against time to uncover the truth, the novel explores themes of redemption, loyalty, and the lengths we go to protect the ones we love.
Readers who enjoy suspenseful and gripping crime novels
Those interested in exploring the complexities of family dynamics and relationships
People who appreciate well-developed characters and psychological depth in their reading
Senseless by Mary Burton is a gripping thriller that follows the story of Detective Deacon Garrison as he investigates a series of brutal murders in a small town. As the body count rises, he teams up with former FBI agent, Eva Rayburn, who has her own connection to the case. Together, they must unravel the twisted clues left by the killer before more lives are lost.
Readers who enjoy psychological thrillers and crime fiction
Those who appreciate intricate and suspenseful storytelling
People who are fascinated by the workings of the criminal mind and the pursuit of justice
The Complete History of Jack the Ripper by Philip Sugden delves into the infamous unsolved case of the 19th-century serial killer. Through thorough research and analysis, the book examines the murders, the suspects, and the social and historical context of the time. It offers a comprehensive exploration of one of the most enduring mysteries in criminal history.
True crime enthusiasts seeking a comprehensive and well-researched account of the Jack the Ripper case
History buffs interested in the social and cultural context of late 19th century London
Readers who enjoy delving into the psychology of notorious criminals and the theories surrounding their identities
The Ice Man by Philip Carlo is a chilling true crime book that delves into the life of Richard Kuklinski, a notorious contract killer for the Mafia. Through extensive interviews with Kuklinski himself, as well as law enforcement officials and family members, Carlo uncovers the brutal and disturbing details of Kuklinski's crimes and the inner workings of the criminal underworld. A gripping and unsettling read that offers a glimpse into the mind of a cold-blooded killer.
True crime enthusiasts who are fascinated by the stories of notorious criminals
Readers interested in the psychology and motivations of individuals who lead double lives
Those who enjoy gripping and chilling accounts of criminal behavior
The Last Move by Mary Burton is a gripping thriller that follows the story of a seasoned detective and a criminal profiler as they work together to catch a serial killer. Filled with twists and turns, the book delves into the minds of both the hunter and the hunted, keeping you on the edge of your seat until the very end.
Readers who enjoy psychological thrillers and suspenseful mysteries
Those interested in complex and well-developed characters
People who appreciate intricate and cleverly plotted crime novels
Whoever Fights Monsters by Robert K. Ressler delves into the chilling world of serial killers. As a former FBI agent and criminal profiler, Ressler shares his experiences and insights into the minds of some of the most notorious murderers. Through detailed case studies and psychological analysis, the book offers a unique perspective on the motives and methods of these individuals, and the tireless efforts to bring them to justice.
True crime enthusiasts who are fascinated by the psychology of serial killers
Psychology students or professionals interested in criminal profiling and forensic psychology
Readers who enjoy gripping and chilling accounts of real-life criminal investigations
Wiseguy is a non-fiction book by Nicholas Pileggi that delves into the world of organized crime. It tells the true story of Henry Hill, a former mobster turned informant, and provides a firsthand account of his life in the Mafia. The book offers a captivating and detailed look at the inner workings of the criminal underworld, filled with intrigue, betrayal, and the harsh realities of a life lived outside the law.
Readers with an interest in organized crime and the inner workings of the mafia
Those who enjoy true crime stories and narratives based on real-life events
Individuals who appreciate in-depth character studies and complex relationships
Without Conscience by Robert D. Hare delves into the world of psychopathy and the individuals who exhibit this personality disorder. Through real-life case studies and scientific research, the book explores the lack of empathy and remorse in psychopaths, their ability to manipulate others, and the devastating impact they can have on society. It also discusses the importance of identifying and understanding psychopathy in order to protect ourselves and prevent further harm.
Readers interested in understanding the psychology of psychopaths and sociopaths
Individuals who want to learn how to identify and protect themselves from manipulative and deceitful people
Professionals in fields such as law enforcement, psychology, and criminology